The Niger Delta, Nigeria’s foremost oil-producing region, is caught in a profound paradox: immense hydrocarbon wealth coexists with acute water insecurity. This study investigates the complex interplay between extractive industries and the degradation of water resources, arguing that oil and gas operations have systematically undermined the region’s water sustainability. Through an analysis of oil spills, gas flaring and waste mismanagement, the article highlights how industrial pollution has disrupted aquatic ecosystems, contaminated drinking water sources and exacerbated health risks for local communities. Drawing on scholarly literature, the study critiques state complicity, regulatory failure and the inefficacy of remediation efforts particularly the underwhelming progress of the Ogoniland cleanup. It further explores the resistance strategies of affected communities and the limitations of existing institutional responses. By framing water access as both an ecological and political issue, the article calls for a justice-oriented approach to environmental governance in line with Sustainable Development Goal 6. The analysis concludes that without decisive policy reforms, community participation and strengthened accountability, the Niger Delta’s water crisis will persist as a symbol of resource-driven injustice.

Environmental justice, Nigeria, Niger Delta, oil exploitation, water sustainability

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